0 Languages and Language
نویسنده
چکیده
What is a language? Something which assigns meanings to certain strings of types of sounds or of marks. It could therefore be a function, a set of ordered pairs of strings and meanings. The entities in the domain of the function are certain finite sequences of types of vocal sounds, or of types of inscribable marks; if CJ is in the domain of a language£, let us call CJ a sentence of£. The entities in the range of the function are meanings; if CJ is a sentence of£, let us call £(CJ) the meaning of CJ in £. What could a meaning of a sentence be? Something which, when combined with factual information about the world-or factual information about any possible worldyields a truth-value. It could therefore be a function from worlds to truth-values-or more simply, a set of worlds. We can say that a sentence CJ is true in a language£ at a world w if and only if w belongs to the set of worlds £(CJ). We can say that CJ is true in £ (without mentioning a world) if and only if our acwal world belongs to £(CJ). We can say that CJ is analytic in£ if and only if every possible world belongs to £(CJ). And so on, in the obvious way. II. ANTITHESIS
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